Online ISSN 1091-6490. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge about the violaxanthin cycle of vascular plants, green and brown algae, and the diadinoxanthin cycle of the algal classes Bacillariophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Haptophyceae, and Dinophyceae. However, V and neoxanthin have fewer than 10 conjugated double bonds, making these pigments less effective in the de-excitation of any 1O2 that does form in the npq1 lor1 strain (47). Conversion of sunlight into photochemistry depends on photoprotective processes that allow safe use of sunlight over a broad range of environmental conditions. The triplet states of xanthophylls can de-excite both 3Chl and 1O2 (18). Fluorescence was measured before, during, and after exposure to actinic light (1,160 μmol photons m−2⋅s−1) in air, and NPQ was calculated as (Fm − F′m)/F′m. 1 Departamento de Biologia and CESAM (Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, … Antheraxanthin is both a component in and product of the cellular photoprotection mechanisms in photosynthetic green algae, red algae, euglenoids, and plants. This finding suggests that in the lor1 mutant the intermediates normally metabolized by the α-carotene biosynthetic pathway are diverted to the β-carotene branch; in agreement with this interpretation, the sum total of the carotenes and xanthophylls in all of the strains was remarkably similar for each specific growth condition. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Mutants with a defect in either the α- or β-branch of carotenoid biosynthesis exhibited less nonphotochemical quenching but were still able to tolerate high light. Photosynthesis and xanthophyll cycle-mediated photoprotection in leaves of Quercus rubra and Q. alba seedlings of different light environments. Genetic crosses were performed according to established methods (25). Physiol. Xanthophyll pigments have critical structural and functional roles in the photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes of algae and vascular plants. Genetic dissection of xanthophyll metabolism in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtiirevealed functions for specific xanthophylls in the nonradiative dissipation of excess absorbed light energy, measured as … Photoprotection of photosystem II (PSII) is essential to avoid the light-induced damage of the photosynthetic apparatus due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (=photo-oxidative stress) under excess light. 2 and Table 2). Because LHCs can assemble in mutants lacking lutein [although there is some difference in the extent of assembly of LHCs in algal and plant mutants deficient in lutein (24, 29, 36, 48)], other xanthophylls must be able to fulfill the structural role of lutein in LHC assembly. The role of zeaxanthin is still unclear in green algae, and a peculiar violaxanthin de‐epoxidating enzyme was found in the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . The xanthophyll cycle, in which the carotenoid pigment violaxanthin is reversibly converted into zeaxanthin, is ubiquitous among green algae and plants and is necessary for the regulation of light harvesting, protection from oxidative stress and adaptation to different light … Carotenoids are known to play a crucial role in these processes based on their property to deactivate triplet chlorophyll (³Chl*) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂*). Light is one of the most important factors affecting marine phytoplankton growth, and its variability in time and space strongly influences algal performance and success. … Carotenes (A), α-carotene-derived xanthophylls (B), and β-carotene-derived xanthophylls (C) were determined by HPLC analysis of cell extracts before (LL, dark-adapted) and after exposure to 1,160 μmol photons m−2⋅s−1 for 15 min [LL + high light (HL)] by using the same conditions as for measurements of fluorescence. Analysis of electronic absorption spectra suggests multiple sites of binding of violaxanthin and zeaxanthin to the protein environment. MA* Department of Genetics, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin , 150040, China * Department of Biology and Food Science, College of ChengDong, Northeast Agricultural … … Xanthophyll pigments have critical structural and functional roles in the photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes of algae and vascular plants. Image credit: Shutterstock/greenbutterfly. Finally, xanthophylls may be involved in inhibiting lipid peroxidation (21). In higher plants, there are three carotenoid pigments that are active in the xanthophyll cycle: violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin. Introduction: Xanthophylls’ Role in Photoprotection Sunlight is essential to power the photochemical reactions of photosynthesis, but a surplus of excitation energy produces various radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage the photosynthetic apparatus, leading to a decline in photosynthetic activity, growth, and productivity (i.e., “photoinhibition”) [1,2]. -. (1990). Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Photosynthetic and Antioxidative Processes of. The xanthophyll cycle, in which the carotenoid pigment violaxanthin is reversibly converted into zeaxanthin, is ubiquitous among green algae and plants and is necessary for the regulation of light harvesting, protection from oxidative stress, and adaptation to different light conditions 1,2. Carotenoid composition of C. reinhardtii strains. Differential dependence of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) 2), the V that assembles with the LHC must be accessible, either directly while still bound to the LHC polypeptides, or on exchange with a pool of free pigment, to the de-epoxidase that catalyzes the conversion of V to Z. 66" engagement of xanthophyll cycle pigments to photoprotection, emerges at the wavelengths Nevertheless, excessive light did not impair the growth of npq1 (Fig. SHANG*, Z.P. Light is one of the most important factors affecting marine phytoplankton growth, and its variability in time and space strongly influences algal performance and success. Increases in the xanthophyll cycle pool and lutein in high light occurred even in npq1, despite the inability of this strain to convert V to A and Z. Vascular plants and many algae grown in high light exhibit similar increases in xanthophyll cycle pigments (37–39). In contrast, Z, A, and lutein would be efficient scavengers of both 3Chl and 1O2; this is supported by the finding that C. reinhardtii mutants that are unaffected in their xanthophyll composition, but that cannot quench 1Chl (they exhibit essentially no NPQ) (22), can still survive high intensity illumination (unpublished results). Abstract. Direct interaction between Chl and xanthophylls is consistent with the results of our genetic analysis, which revealed roles for Z, A, and lutein in the de-excitation of 1Chl in vivo. (Eds B Demmig-Adams, WW Adams III, AK Mattoo) pp. Addition of V would inhibit quenching because some lutein bound in the LHC would be replaced by V, which is unable to de-excite 1Chl efficiently. -, Plant Physiol. 2), and a mutant that contained elevated levels of α-carotene did not exhibit increased NPQ (unpublished results). 2005 Jan;16(1):73-8. Some carotenoids play an important role in preventing photo-oxidative damage to the photosynthetic apparatus or to the intracellular materials of plants under high- irradiance conditions ( Raw, 1988 ; Young and Britton, 1990 ). Thus the xanthophyll cycle, which consists in the conversion (de-epoxidation) of violaxanthin (V) to Z via A under excess irradiance and in the reversed reaction (epoxidation) under low irradiance, plays a central role in photoprotection (Demmig-Adams and Adams 1992, 1996b, Pfündel and Bilger 1994). The xanthophyll cycle occurs inside the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. This review focuses on the ubiquity of photoprotection associated with a group of interconvertible leaf carotenoids, the xanthophyll cycle. Some carotenoids play an important role in preventing photo-oxidative damage to the photosynthetic apparatus or to the intracellular materials of plants under high- irradiance conditions ( Raw, 1988 ; Young and Britton, 1990 ). Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis: From Molecular Mechanisms to the Field, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Science and Culture: Astronomer-turned-filmmaker strives to ignite an interest in space, News Feature: To understand the plight of insects, entomologists look to the past, Opinion: Standardizing gene product nomenclature—a call to action, Protecting against spaceflight-induced muscle and bone loss, Copyright © 1997, The National Academy of Sciences of the USA. Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on PNAS. 1987 Jun;84(2):218-24 2), which reflects a partial defect in assembly or stability of the peripheral LHCII (23). 33, No. The xanthophylls comprise a diverse group of oxygenated carotenoids with varied structures and multiple functions (1). The xanthophyll cycle is the metabolic process by which the carotenoid violaxanthin is de‐epoxidated to zeaxanthin, a xanthophyll with a crucial photoprotective role in higher plants and mosses.  |  49–64. Nogueira Dos Reis D, Guimarães Silva F, da Costa Santana R, Caetano de Oliveira T, Brito Freiberger M, Barbosa da Silva F, Monteiro Júnior E, Müller C. Plants (Basel). However, it is unlikely that the NPQ defect in lor1 is solely the consequence of altered assembly or stability of the peripheral LHCII; several observations suggest that lutein has a more direct role in NPQ. 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